Black Holes and Quantum Information

Paper number

IAC-05-E2.P.03

Author

Mr. Konstantinos Nakis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Year

2005

Abstract

Through this work I will present a likely mechanism of escape of information through black holes. 
The mechanism is based on quantum phenomena. The particles of Hawking radiation do not emanate from the interior of the black hole but from the empty space outside from its event horizon, which is not so empty. According to the uncertainty principle, in order to counterbalance the intensity of various fields with zero, there should be a certain minimal quantity of uncertainty - a quantum fluctuation - in the field value and field variation with time. These quantum fluctuations could be visualised as pairs of virtual particles - carriers of interaction, which present themselves in the form of a pair of particle - antiparticle. They show up together in some point, they are then separated and finally re-approach each other again and are annihilated. The pair of particle - antiparticle will have positive and negative energy respectively. The negative-energy particle is destined to remain short-lived virtual particle because under normal circumstances real particles always have positive energy. This negative-energy particle should therefore seek its other half and be annihilated with it. However, if there is a black hole in the vicinity, there is another possibility. When a particle is situated near an object with heavy mass, its energy is smaller than what it was far from it. Under normal circumstances, this energy continues being positive. In the interior of the black hole, however, the field of gravity is so powerful that even a real particle could have negative energy there. There is therefore the possibility that a virtual particle with negative energy could fall in the black hole and become a real particle or antiparticle without necessarily being annihilated. The positive-energy particle can also fall into the black hole or slip from its region. To an exterior observer this particle appears to have been emitted by the black hole. This is the Hawking radiation. 
The possible escape mechanism of information from a black hole is based on the quantum theory. The escape is achieved via the entanglement (quantum phenomenon during which the attributes of two or more systems remain correlated, no matter what distances of spacetime separate them). The entanglement allows the teleportation, a process via which the information is transported from one particle to the other with such accuracy that the particle literally beams up from one place to another with a speed that reaches up to the speed of light. The process of teleportation, which has been demonstrated in the laboratory, requires that the two particles are in entanglement in the first place. Then a measurement in the one of the particles takes place, together with the matter that contains the information which is about to be teleported. The measurement extinguishes the information from its initial place, but, due to the entanglement, the particular information is inherent in the second particle in code. A similar process very probably works also in black holes. Pairs of particles, that are in entanglement are materialised in the horizon of events. One of the two photons is removed and the Hawking radiation takes place, as described above. The other particle falls into the hole and pounces in the abnormality, added to the matter from which the hole was initially formed (matter and particle are in entanglement). The destruction of the in-falling photon functions as measurement, transporting the information contained in the matter to the out-coming Hawking radiation. Through this mechanism the information slips from a black hole.                                         

Abstract document

IAC-05-E2.P.03.pdf

Manuscript document

IAC-05-E2.P.03.pdf (🔒 authorized access only).

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